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Mismatch theory
Mismatch theory is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to fluidity in fitness criteria.
The essence of mismatch theory is that organisms possess traits (including behavioral, emotional, and biological) that have been passed down through generations, preserved by natural selection because of their adaptive function in a given environment. However, the given environment of the evolutionary period can be quite unlike the current environment. Therefore, traits that were at one time adaptive in a certain environment, are now "mismatched" to the environment that the trait is currently present in. This can present a number of problems for the organism in question. One example is the taste of foods high in fat and sugar to humans. In Pleistocene environments, sugars and fats were relatively uncommon in the human diet. In the modern Western diet, however, foods with such properties are relatively easy to acquire. This can be problematic since an abundance of such foods combined with the human adaptation to prefer them can, and often does, contribute to obesity and chronic metabolic syndrome.
The role of evolutionary mismatch in disease has been explored by a (group of researchers at Duke University ). They theorize that mismatches inclusive of vitamin D deficiency attributed to lack of regular exposure to sunlight, chronic stress, and particularly the elimination of keystone species of organisms such as geohelminths from the human body are thought to play a part in the development autoimmune diseases. These diseases are rare in undeveloped countries where people live in conditions that more closely reflect humankind's biological experiences over millennia.
== Mismatch in Human Evolution ==
Humans have most recently evolved to life as hunter-gatherers, where food resources were scarce. In the 10,000 years the advent of agriculture,〔Flannery, KV. 1973. The Origins of Agriculture. ''Annual Review of Anthropology'' 2: 271-310.〕 the environment and lifestyle that humans live in have changed considerably, so much so that evolution has not been able to keep up with the rapid changes in environment.〔Cordain, L., Eaton, S. B., Sebastian, A., Mann, N., Lindeberg, S., Watkins, B. A., O’Keefe, J. H. & Brand-Miller, J. (2005). Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81, 341-354.〕 This leads to the notion of a mismatch theory in humans, such that the legacy of the adapted traits humans acquired in hunter-gatherer times has led to many modern day problems such as myopia, breast cancer, diabetes and osteoporosis, in addition to the oft discussed rise in obesity.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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